Management Accounting Transfer Pricing

Question: Examine about the Management Accounting for Transfer Pricing. Answer: Presentation: The exchange cost is alluded as the cost at which different divisions of the organization execute in business. It is viewed as an exchange of work and merchandise between divisions of an organization. The individual substance of a multi element support treats the cost of the products and of work independently. In multi substance companies distinctive division of the element is accountable for their own benefit, and their figuring of ROIC. The division who are accountable for their benefit need to execute among them, and the exchange value idea is utilized to gauge up the cost of the merchandise. The exchange value advertise recognized the market pace of the products. The products moved or to be moved starting with one substance then onto the next element will fix their value no not exactly the market rate. On the off chance that they set the cost of the merchandise lower than advertise rate, one substance will lose its benefit. There are guidelines set up that direct the exchange valuing idea. There must be decency and exactness in move valuing among the elements. In the matter of move evaluating, the guideline of the a manageable distance is followed and the substances ought to set up estimating strategy dependent on the exchanges done between partiesnot identified with one another however at a careful distance (Investopedia, 2016). Documentation: Move evaluating requires severe documentation. The exchanges engaged with the exchange valuing requires close observing by the division and by the examiner. It is normal that all the arrangements identified with the exchange evaluating would be seen and observed in different office; any sort of disparity can prompt higher expense installment, administrative punishment and rehashing charges. It must be guaranteed that benefit for each division is reserved appropriately and the cost at the a manageable distance idea is applied in the exchange evaluating. It is verifiable truth that 60% of the merchandise sold globally are between related organizations (ATO, 2016). Distinctive exchange evaluating: The exchange valuing (TP) scene in Australia is advancing. The expense experts in Australia are intending to move toward the exchange evaluating idea by reference to a manageable distance conditions. There are separate settlements acknowledged by Australia in TP will be applied. It is normal that new TP idea will join the Organization for Economic Co-activity and Development (OECD) Transfer Pricing Guidelines. The new TP laws were presented in Australia after loss of chief in Full Federal Court instance of Commissioner of Taxation versus SNF (Australia) Pty Ltd. The comprehensive perspective on TP controls on a manageable distance conditions including cross outskirt exchanges is recognized by Government of Australia and the arrangement was to consolidate OECDS Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) system (Kpmg, 2014). As indicated by OECD move estimating evaluation techniques has advanced over the time. In global promoting five unique exchanges evaluating strategies are utilized by the businesses. The TP strategies are as following: Move At cost: The organizations for the most part utilize the exchange at cost approach which adds to the corporate benefit in residential assembling enterprises. This arrangement likewise assists with keeping obligations at the very least. The organizations don't have any benefit desire from move cost. Cost-Plus Pricing: The expense Plus evaluating strategy recommends that organizations have taken the position that benefit must be appeared at each phase of development of the merchandise through the corporate framework. The expense in addition to estimating technique may infer that cost of the products become totally irrelevant to serious or request conditions in the worldwide market. It is regularly observed that a large portion of the exporters utilize that technique. Market based Transfer cost: In the market based exchange value the cost of the merchandise to be gotten from the worldwide market. There is anyway impressive level of variety how benefit is to be resolved. To enter the new market at the market based cost would not help new participant in the market. A safe distance Transfer Pricing: It is known as the value which is reached between random gatherings in a comparative exchange and these sorts of exchanges are called as a manageable distance move estimating. The a manageable distance cost can be viewed as not the single cost but rather the scope of cost. Duty Regulations and Transfer Prices: It is regularly observed that high duty nations do utilize the strategy of reallocation of salary and costs to boost national expense incomes. The rates controlled by the duty office are coldhearted toward the business and to the pay of the organizations (Chand, 2016). End: OECD is staying at work longer than required to set the head of TP directly among part nations. The evaluation of the cost of the merchandise moved to one element to another element should be fixed dependent on certain guidelines and techniques to be embraced by different nations. There are five techniques being applied by OECD to learn the cost of the products to be moved truly. One of such strategy is known as CUP technique, as per this technique cost of the property or merchandise moved under controlled exchanges to be contrasted and the cost of the item under uncontrolled exchange. This technique can be applied for a wide range of exchanges yet it must be applied in a sensible and solid way. The resale value strategy is utilized by the substances which has bought some item from the related element at some cost and exchanged to another element. The resale cost is viably decreased by the proper gross edge. The expense in addition to strategy can likewise be followed where fitting increase to be added to the expense of the item to decide the cost of the merchandise. The value-based net edge technique depends on the net benefit strategies. The net benefit is to be thought about from the uncontrolled exchanges in the business element. The a careful distance value is to be contrasted and the genuine cost at which the exchanges have occurred (OECD, 2010). The exchange valuing is only exchange of the products to one substance to another element at cost. In enormous organizations work divisions for creation of products. On the off chance that one division discharges the products at the fabricated value, the proficiency of the division can't be comprehended at the cost. It is additionally observed that singular element treats the cost of the products and of work independently. Clearly in multi substance companies diverse division charge benefit, and compute ROIC freely. The division charge of their benefit need to execute among them, the valuation idea of the cost dependent on move value a careful distance idea is utilized to quantify up the cost of the merchandise. The exchange value showcase recognized the market pace of the merchandise. Move valuing requires severe documentation. The exchanges engaged with the exchange valuing requires close observing by the office and by the inspector. The weight of bookkeeping and documentation is noteworthy as all the arrangements identified with the exchange evaluating would be seen and observed. Any of the error of charging lower cost to sidestep expense can prompt administrative punishment and rehashing expenses. Every office would hope to build up benefit from the activity and choose the cost at the a manageable distance idea. In every such exchange 60% of the merchandise sold globally are between related organizations (ATO, 2016). Cleaning and Scraping Division Preparing Division Deals 95 160 Units 400000 400000 Direct material 18 5 Direct work 12 10 Assembling overhead 40 25 Variable Cost Direct material 18 5 Direct work 12 10 Assembling overhead 30 10 Selling cost 5 Variable Cost 65 25 Fixed Cost 4000000 6000000 Commitment Margin Deals Variable Cost 31.58% 84.38% Deals The objective of the exchange evaluating is to guarantee that merchandise created by one office compasses to other division at the market cost. The assistance of the cost of the disconnected divisions is to be acknowledged for that reason. Every division couldn't imagine anything better than to purchase merchandise at the most reduced expense with the goal that it can boost the arrival of the products. The objective of the divisions would arrange the least conceivable cost. Here the expense of Cleaning and Scraping Division delivering Cruden at $70. In the event that the division chooses to sell the Cruden in the open market, it can sell the item at $95 a unit. Preparing Division couldn't imagine anything better than to purchase the products at $70. The choice of the organization is that Cleaning and Scraping Division produces 400,000 units for every year and moves everything to the Processing Division at absolute genuine assembling cost in addition to 10%. In the event that this suggestion is satisfactory to the Processing Division, at that point it would purchase the products at 10% increase coming about into $77. The objective would arrange the best arrangement for the preparing division. In the event that preparing division is put at low duty nation, at that point the administration of the organization may choose to sell that item at $70 to the handling division however that may not be satisfactory to the assessment specialists and they may look for that the deal cost of the Cleaning and Scraping Division is recorded not beneath $95, which is the market rate. As per the exchange estimating rules the products can be offered to other office at the cost or at cost in addition to increase. It is frequently observed that enormous association move products to no expense preparing division at the cost. The purpose behind such exchange is to sidestep charge. In the event that the home division or any be the gathering office is arranged in a low duty nation, the merchandise are moved to that office at cost value, which spares critical measure of expense for the organization (Treasury, 2016). There are a few techniques used to evaluate the exchange p

Drawing on current academic theory and debate, critically evaluate the Essay

Drawing on current scholarly hypothesis and discussion, fundamentally assess the commitment of the Human Resource Management capacity to the administration of representative prize practices - Essay Example All through the entire XX century and much prior the two professionals and researchers endeavored to plan the hypotheses clarifying human conduct at work and the approaches to raise its viability. A decent knowledge into the estimation of HR related projects is given by Schuler (1990: 52-54). He accentuates that the HR work had a chance to move from being a â€Å"employee advocate† (related with staff the board) to a â€Å"member of the administration team†. Schuler’s (1990) see was this necessary HR experts to be worried about the benefits, hierarchical viability and business endurance. At the end of the day, human asset issues ought to be tended to as business issues. Story (2001: 18-34) accepts that rise of HRM contributed extraordinarily to an ever-most noteworthy since mechanical unrest move in the standards of the executives. HRM energized the two administrators and representatives to dispose of conventional examples of connection, obsolete thoughts of inspiration, generalizations, evaluation and examination. Directors stopped to be insignificant tutors and killers and went to be the individuals from business groups. Presentation of HRM guideline has made current organizations progressively serious, dynamic and human amicable that subsequently affected their proficiency and attractiveness. In this manner, many accept that HRM caused what was later called â€Å"a new managerialism† †another look on association, the manners in which it works and succeeds and the manner in which its representatives work (Story, 2001, p. 18). Simultaneously, HRM isn't only a lot of standards; it is fairly a hierarchical science that assists with actualizing company’s general methodology in a best manner. Hence, as indicated by the most customary definitions HRM is characterized as a â€Å"system that is customized to the requests of the business strategy† (Miles and Snow, 1984, p. 36-37); or â€Å"the example of arranged exercises proposed to empower an association to accomplish its goals† (Wright and McMahan, 1992, pp. 343-345).

Fraternities @ MIT

Fraternities @ MIT When I was a freshman, an upperclassman friend of mine described MIT like this: You can tell what we care about by the way we introduce ourselves. Invariably, we give our name, then our class year, then our major, and finally, where we live. Four simple things thats what we care about most. As the freshmen arrive on campus, I find myself thinking more and more about my own freshman year in particular, the choices I made that year, and how they continue to affect my life today. Without a doubt, the most important and most significant decision I made as a freshman was choosing to join a fraternity. It was, in retrospect, also one of the easiest. MITs 27 fraternities stand alongside the dorms as a major living and social option for close to a thousand men. Like most other Greek men, I have a great deal of pride in not only my own fraternity, but also in the Greek system as a whole. We are, in many ways, not that different from other MIT students: we are leaders and scholars, athletic captains and student body presidents. But we are also brothers living in the same house, under the same roof, sharing the same struggles and the same triumphs both of which can be found in abundance at MIT. We have rituals and traditions that go back as many as a hundred years or more, ranging from as simple as who sits at the head of the dinner table each night to as complex as our Initiation rites. Yet we also welcome new ideas and suggestions, which may themselves become tradition. At MIT, fraternity recruitment Rush begins early. It begins today, in fact. Over the next week or so, each of MITs fraternity houses will open their doors to any and every interested freshman. Much like CPW is a supersaturated version of MIT, so too is Rush a supersaturated version of fraternity life. It is not a false version of Greek life: if anything, fraternity brothers will go out of their way to insure that interested freshmen know exactly what MITs fraternities are like. Although theres much more I want to say, I unfortunately have to run to Rush! Despite its incompleteness, I hope t his entry gives you something more of an overview of what MIT fraternities are like and rest assured Ill be editing and updating this later tonight. In the meantime, I would love to hear questions any of you, prospective students or current students alike, may have.

Appeals to Humor Definition and Examples

The appeal to humor is a  fallacy in which a rhetor uses humor to ridicule an opponent and/or direct attention away from the issue at hand. In Latin, this is also called  argumentum ad festivitatem and reductio ad absurdum. Like name calling, red herring, and straw man, the appeal to humor is a fallacy that manipulates through distraction. Examples and Observations Winifred Bryan Horner Everyone loves a good laugh, and usually the person who uses humor at the right time and place will earn the goodwill of most audiences. But a joke can be used to divert attention or to make an opponent look foolish. By trivializing the speaker and the subject, the issue can be what one writer calls lost in the laugh. A well-known example is from a debate on evolution when one speaker asked the other: Now, is it on your mothers side or your fathers that your ancestors were apes? When proponents fail to respond to the humor, they are accused of taking the matter too seriously. This can be a devastating technique for clouding and confusing the issue. In addition, jokes can undermine an argument. When an opponent of the Meramec Dam repeatedly referred to the construction site as the damn dam site it succeeded in diverting the attention of the audience from the real issues.– Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins Press, 1988 Gerry Spence Every good closing argument has to start with May it please the court, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, so let me start out that way with you. I actually thought we were going to grow old together. I thought maybe we would go down to Sun City and get us a nice complex there and sort of live out our lives. I had an image in my mind [with] the judge at the head of the block and then the six jurors with nice little houses beside each other. I hadnt made up my mind whether I was going to ask [criminal defense lawyer] Mr. Paul to come down, but I didnt think this case was ever going to get over. As a matter of fact, as Mr. Paul kept calling witnesses, I got the impression that hes fallen in love with us over here and just didnt want to quit calling witnesses...– Attorney Gerry Spence in his summation at the civil trial concerning the death of nuclear whistleblower Karen Silkwood, quoted by Joel Seidemann in In the Interest of Justice: Great Opening and Closing Arguments of the Las t 100 Years. HarperCollins, 2005 Avoid sarcasm, scorn, and ridicule. Use humor cautiously. Hold back insult. No one admires the cynic, the scoffer, the mocker, the small, and the petty. Giving respect to ones opponent elevates us. Those who insult and slight do so from low places. Remember: Respect is reciprocal. The employment of humor can be the most devastating of all weapons in an argument. Humor is omnipotent when it reveals the truth. But beware: attempting to be funny and failing is one of the most dangerous of all strategies.– Gerry Spence, How to Argue and Win Every Time: At Home, at Work, in Court, Everywhere. Macmillan, 1995) Paul Bosanac Humor and ridicule are often targeted at an individuals character—ad hominem (abusive) epithets frequently convey that humor and ridicule. Little can be done, inside or outside the courtroom, to respond to successful humor or ridicule, as the audience (judge or jury, for example) will likely consider the humor or ridicule as having trumped any factual claim or argument. A quick reply with a counter example of humor or ridicule is the best response, but quick-wittedness at critical moments is a hit-or-miss proposition.– Paul Bosanac, Litigation Logic: A Practical Guide to Effective Argument. American Bar Association, 2009

Diferencias entre asilo político y refugiado

Los casos de refugiados y de asilados polà ­ticos tienen las mismas causas,sin embargo, la tramitacià ³n del reconocimiento de ambos estatus es muy diferente, por lo que es importante distinguirlas. En la actualidad, mà ¡s latinoamericanos obtienen la aprobacià ³n de estatus de asilado que de refugiado. El Salvador es el à ºnico paà ­s de la regià ³n cuyos nacionales sacan ambos estatus –asilado y refugiado– en nà ºmeros relevantes. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar ser refugiado o pedir asilo polà ­tico en EE.UU. Parte de la confusià ³n entre estos dos estatus nace del hecho de que tanto con el asilo como con la figura del refugiado se protege a la misma clase de personas. Es decir, a los personas que no pueden o no quieren regresar a su paà ­s de origen porque han sido perseguidas o tienen razones fundadas de llegar a serlo por cualquiera de las razones siguientes: RazaReligià ³nNacionalidadMembresà ­a de un grupo social (como por ejemplo gays, lesbianas o transexuales)Opinià ³n polà ­ticaPor haber sido obligados a ser esterilizados o a abortar. O sufrir persecucià ³n por haberse negado. Diferencias en pedir asilo y condicià ³n de refugiado Una de las principales es el lugar en el que se encuentra la persona que sufre persecucià ³n. Para solicitar el estatus de refugiado es obligatorio encontrarse fuera de Estados Unidos. Ademà ¡s, el solicitante estar fuera de su paà ­s. A este à ºltimo requisito hay excepciones muy limitadas y establecidas expresamente por el Presidente de Estados Unidos. En la actualidad sà ³lo pueden solicitar el estatus de refugiado desde dentro de su propio paà ­s los cubanos, los ciudadanos de paà ­ses que formaron parte de la Unià ³n Sovià ©tica e Irak. Son circunstancias muy excepcionales y en inglà ©s son denominadas in-country processing. Los candidatos al estatus de refugiado son procesados en una primera fase por uno de los 9 Centros de Apoyo a la Reubicacià ³n (RSC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que tiene Estados Unidos en diferentes puntos del planeta. La mayorà ­a de ellos han llegado a un RSC porque han sido remitidos por el Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, una Embajada de los Estados Unidos o una organizacià ³n no gubernamental. Otros llegan porque forman parte de un grupo calificado de especial preocupacià ³n humanitaria y, finalmente, los casos de reunificacià ³n familiar. Cuando toda la informacià ³n es recabada sobre el candidato, la misma se envà ­a al USCIS a Estados Unidos, que es quien debe aprobar la solicitud. El à ºltimo paso corre a cargo de una agencia de reubicacià ³n en EE.UU. que serà ¡ la encargada de apoyar al refugiado cuando se le autorice a viajar. Por el contrario, el asilo se solicita o bien en un puerto de entrada nada mà ¡s llegar (aeropuerto, puerto marà ­timo o frontera terrestre) ante un oficial de inmigracià ³n,(CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), o bien ya una vez dentro de Estados Unidos. En este à ºltimo caso la peticià ³n debe presentarse dentro del aà ±o siguiente a haber llegado al paà ­s. A esta regla de los 365 dà ­as se admiten excepciones muy raramente cuando las circunstancias en el paà ­s de origen cambian dramà ¡ticamente. Cabe destacar que algunos migrantes presentes en EE.UU. con TPS podrà ­an calificar para solicitar asilo porque en el caso de esta proteccià ³n especial el calendario de 1 aà ±o se considera congelado en la fecha en la que se le aprobà ³ el TPS por primera vez.  ¿Cuà ¡ntos refugiados y asilados admite EE.UU.? En el aà ±o fiscal 2018, EE.UU. admitià ³ un total de 22.491 refugiados. Los 10 paà ­ses con mayor nà ºmero de refugiados fueron: Congo (8.883)Myanmar (3.555)Ucrania (2,635)Butà ¡n (2,228)Eritrea (1,269)Afganistà ¡n (805)El Salvador (739)Paquistà ¡n (441)Rusia (437)Etiopà ­a (376) Para el aà ±o fiscal 2019 el presidente Donald Trump ha fijado en 30.000 el nà ºmero mà ¡ximo de refugiados que pueden ingresar al paà ­s. Los à ºltimos datos disponibles sobre asilo son el aà ±o fiscal 2016, segà ºn los cuales se aprobaron 20.458 estatus de asilo polà ­tico de los que 11.729 fueron asilos afirmativos, es decir, solicitudes aprobadas por USCIS. En 8.726 casos fueron asilos defensivos, es decir, aprobados por las cortes de inmigracià ³n o el Tribunal de Apelaciones migratorias (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Los paà ­ses con mayor nà ºmero de casos aprobados fueron: China: 4.500El Salvador: 2.148Guatemala: 1.943Honduras: 1.513Mà ©xico: 920 En la actualidad hay mà ¡s de 733.000 solicitudes de asilo pendientes, estimà ¡ndose en 721 dà ­as la media de espera para la vista (hearing, en inglà ©s). Informacià ³n para los trà ¡mites de asilo En los casos de asilo se estima que los solicitantes pierden en el 90 por ciento de las veces en las que no està ¡n representados por un abogado. Por lo tanto, es extremadamente importante contar con uno con experiencia y buena reputacià ³n. La AILA es la organizacià ³n de EE.UU. sobre abogados migratorios y en su base de datos se pueden encontrar letrados por lugar y por tipo de especialidad migratoria. Ademà ¡s, numerosas organizaciones de apoyo a migrantes brindan ayuda o referencia a buenos abogados. Se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre asilo para familiarizarse sobre los puntos principales de este estatus. Puntos Clave: diferencias entre asilo polà ­tico y condicià ³n de refugiado Causas de asilo y condicià ³n de refugiado: haber sido perseguido o tener razones fundadas de que si el solicitante regresa a su paà ­s serà ¡ perseguido por su raza, opinià ³n polà ­tica, religià ³n, pertenencia a un grupo social o nacionalidad o por razones de esterilizacià ³n o aborto forzado. ¿Dà ³nde se pide la condicià ³n de refugiado?: fuera de EE.UU. El trà ¡mite lo inicia un RSC, en la mayorà ­a de los casos el solicitante ha sido remitido por el Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. ¿Dà ³nde se solicita asilo polà ­tico?: en la frontera de EE.UU. o en el interior del paà ­s, dentro del plazo de un aà ±o a contar desde el dà ­a del ingreso, salvo circunstancias especiales.Nà ºmero de refugiados admitido por EE.UU. en 2018: 22.491. Para el 2019 el presidente Trump ha establecido una cifra mà ¡xima de 30.000Nà ºmero de asilos aprobados: 20.455 (segà ºn à ºltimos datos publicados oficialmente, que son del aà ±o fiscal 2016) Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Elaine Free Essays

Xiamen university is not onlyl one among the prestigious 21 1 and 985 project universities. but also specialized In accounting profession. Career Objective Seeking for a challenging position in an organization that will allow me to display my xperience and good problem solving skills to make a company grow by solving their problems. We will write a custom essay sample on Elaine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking forward to, use my skills for the betterment of the company and to increase my potential as well. Work Experience Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited 10/2012-present Auditor Taiwan, Taipei My experience continues with cross-functional teams on statuary audits, half yearly reviews, financial advisory projects etc. with China Development Financial Holding. Deloitte honed me professionally by giving me extensive experience In undertaking he following responsibilities: C] Review and audit financial Information for stakeholders. Evaluate the effectiveness and competence of the internal control of clients. ? Communicate with clients to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently. ? Encourge my colleagues when they were under great pressure. Ernst Young Global Limited 07/201 1 -08/201 1 Intern C] Helped colleagues to deal with the about 300 confirmations of the client – Cathay Life Insurance Co. , Ltd. In 2days. o corrected a number when the last time footing before the printing the financial tatement for clients. ASUSTeK Computer Inc. How to cite Elaine, Papers

Thesis and Sources for Johnstown Flood free essay sample

In my essay, I’m going to prove whether the Johnstown flood was an actual natural disaster or if the people believe it was a sign from God. I will support my thesis with facts from survivors and how they portrayed the flood. Useful verses from the Bible, Genesis, can also support my points of religious reasons being the cause of the flood. I will also use the statements from newspapers and articles explaining what they â€Å"suggest† happened. The world’s worst known catastrophe occurred May 31, 1889 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Due to a poorly designed and constructed dam, the flood was estimated to have killed more than 2,000 people. In the Book of Genesis, there was a flood to end all evil on the earth, which questions why the Johnstown flood occurred. In Genesis, Chapter 9, God establishes a covenant of faithfulness; promising he would never destroy the world again. The Johnstown Flood was a tragedy that happened due to an un-explainable damaged dam, but with similarities relating to the Genesis flood religious aspects could have also had a part in the catastrophe. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis and Sources for Johnstown Flood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My Sources— †¢Slattery, Gertrude Quinn. Johnstown and its Flood. Pennsylvania: Wilkes- Barre, 1936. Slattery wrote this book so everyone will be able to have a sense of the Johnstown flood through her personal experience. She briefly explains her thoughts and how she was feeling at the time. Slattery breaks up the story into different sections; how the town was before and after the flood, the breakage of the dam and her reactions. It’s an interesting and captivating story. –A Primary source â€Å"Article† popular †¢The Bible, Genesis. King James Version. I will use the Bible as a primary source when relating to any religious points about the Johnstown flood. †¢McCullough, David. The Johnstown Flood: The Incredible story behind one of the Most Devastating Disasters America has ever known. New York: Simon Schuster Inc, 1968. Paperback. McCullough’s book offers a more in depth description on what occurred in Johnstown, Pennsylvania during the tragedy. It gives a powerful historical lesson and analyzes the Johnstown flood to a great extent. McCullough also makes you believe that even though people are in positions of responsibility; they are not necessarily behaving responsibly.

Once More free essay sample

The day had come; it was the Tennis Championship Finals. All I could remember at that time was all the hard work I had possessed in order reach this point, a point where all the high schools in New York City want to be. And most of my fear at this point was whether I could win the championship or lose it all. It wasn’t just me playing for that championship trophy, it was the entire team, so the pressure was on all of us and I could feel it, as my nerves were moving in all directions giving me goosebumps. My teammates and I had thirty minutes free time before the game, so we got together with our coach, loosened up, took pride in ourselves and looked at the past and what we had accomplished, and set our minds to the championship game and put all of our focus in to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Once More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thirty minutes drifted away without us even realizing it, but our minds never drifted away. We were still in focus to meet our opponents and were completely ready to take the trophy back to our school. We called ourselves the Beavers and stepped into the courts as warriors and put ourselves in the battlefield. The game started and I was playing the game at my best with a fierce spirit to win, and so did all my teammates. But unfortunately for me, my opponent seemed to be more skilled and tenacious. With my nervousness pulling me back, I was only able to win one set out of the three sets that were played. The game came to an abrupt end and my adversary had won the game by two sets and defeated me. And what were my feelings? I felt like killing myself. I cursed, yelled even let some tears run out of my eyes, but in the end it was no hope, and I realized that my adversary was just too good for me. My teammates cheered me up and said â€Å"it’s ok, you did your best† but that didn’t soothe me at all. I knew I could have done better. In the end, we didn’t win the championship but still were able to retrieve the runner up trophy. As a team, we realized it’s not about winning the championship that matters the most, what matters was the hard work, experience, and the fun we had in preparing for this one moment since the season begun. I might not have won the match, but I was not ashamed of it. Instead, I was proud of my accomplishments and was also proud to be part of the Jamaica Tennis Team. As elders say, There are many things that need to be learned in life and my lesson is that as an athlete either you win or lose but don’t ever regret anything that you did, always feel good about yourself and take the lesson of losing and turn it into winning. It doesn’t matter whether I lost the championship last season. But this time, it’s a new season, new game, different tactics but one same goal.

The Ecological Validity Essay Example

The Ecological Validity Essay Example The Ecological Validity Paper The Ecological Validity Paper Pennington and Hastie believed that jurors’ will construct a story to make sense of evidence and then return the verdict that has the ‘best fit’ with their story. P and H investigated whether the order of testimony had an effect on the jurors’ decisions. The sample used in this study consisted of 130 students from the University of Chicago.  The two story-telling strategies investigated in this study are; story order and witness order. Story order is when the Lawyers present evidence in the sequence that events occurred, and witness order is when lawyers present witnesses in the sequence they believe is most likely to persuade the jury (may not be the sequence in which the events occurred, also the benefits of primacy and recency effects are taken into account. Primacy effect is when for example out of a list of 10 words you are most likely to remember the first word; whereas the recency effect claims you are most likely to remember the last word. The study was a laboratory experiment, using independent groups design, with ps acting as jurors in a mock trial. The IV was the order of testimony and the DV was the verdict given. In individual cubicles ps listened to a tape recording of the stimulus trial and then responded to written questions. They were told to reach either a guilty or not guilty verdict on a murder charge. Ps were allocated to one of four conditions. In each condition, the same evidence was presented by the defence and prosecution, only the order of presentation changed (witness or story order). The Results of the study showed that the prosecution were most likely to win (78% of guilty verdict) when they used story order and defence used witness order. Similarly, the defence were most likely to win when they used story order and the prosecution used witness order (only 31% guilty verdict).  Pennington and Hastie concluded that order of testimony does affect juror’s decisions. In particular, jurors are more easily persuaded by ‘story order’ than ‘witness order’. P and H also suggested that the reason why 80% of criminal court cases return guilty verdicts in the US is because prosecution lawyers tend to use story order and defence lawyers tend to use witness order. Lawyers use a variety of different techniques in order to persuade a jury, into convincing their client’s innocence. Various studies have been conducted into investigating the best techniques for persuading a jury, but the main issue with many of these studies is that they l ack ecological validity. The most common method used in studies investigating persuading a jury, is a laboratory experiment in the form of a mock trial. Mock trials are often used because, people outside of the jury are not allowed into the jury room due to confidentiality of the legal process. One of the main issues with the use of mock trials is that participants often make an individual decision concerning the verdict of the trial, and are sometimes even asked to give a rating of their belief of the defendant’s guilt. For example in Edwards and Bryan, both of these issues occur, each individual participant gives a verdict as well as a number of ratings concerning their beliefs about the defendant’s guilt or innocence and their views about an appropriate sentence. As in a real court case the jury is only asked to give a verdict of guilty of innocent, which is made in a group decision, the study lacks ecological validity. Another problem with using mock trials is that there is a lack of consequence, meaning the result/verdict given by the participants has no effect on the trial, as in Pennington and Hastie’s study on the effect of order of testimony on jurors’ decisions. Due to the lack of pressure of wrongfully committing someone of a crime/vice versa as well as the lack of emotional stress associated with serving on a jury in a court room. The study is said to lack ecological validity as it cannot be applied to the real world. Mock trials often present the evidence in various ways, for instance in Pennington and Hastie’s study, the evidence is presented to the participants in individual cubicles, where they listen to a tape recording of the stimulus trial. Another form in which evidence is presented is in Cutler, ps are shown a videotaped robbery trial and in Edwards and Bryan, ps are given a transcript of an actual murder trial in California. Although in Edwards and Bran the transcript is taken from an actual case, the study is still lacking in ecological validity as it is a very different way of gathering data on the trial through a transcript or videotape than it being presented by a lawyer in court. Often small unrepresentative samples are used due to the use of opportunity sampling. For example in Edwards and Bryan 74 university students are used, as they are all students, the sample is unrepresentative of a typical jury and therefore lowing the ecological validity of the study.  Another way in which persuading a jury, can be investigated is via â€Å"shadow jury†, this is an alternative to mock trials, and consists of a group of participants who â€Å"shadow† i.e. sit in on a case/trial and at the end come to a verdict themselves, and seeing if their opinions are conclusive with the juror’s. Although there are certain advantages to this method such as an improved ecological validity as the participants receive the same amount of evidence as a real jury, presented in a real manner. However the study still lacks ecological validity due to the lack of consequences, i.e. no pressure of wrongfully committing an innocent person and vice versa.  Overall research into persuading a jury is often very lacking in ecological validity due to the laboratory method often used in the form of a mock trial. As these studies have a very low ecological validity, the studies lack applicability to the real world and have low validity in results.

The Differences between Silent Movies and Spoken Essay

The Differences between Silent Movies and Spoken - Essay Example The following analysis will be concentric upon comparing and contrasting the ways in which material and technique are utilized to leverage different interpretations of good vs evil and the American experience to the viewing audience. Moreover, the analysis will discuss how â€Å"The Maltese Falcon†, represents a more nuanced and definitive approach to the film noir era as it encapsulates many more varied interpretations of this good vs evil subtheme that is so pervasive throughout the genre. Secondly, this is represented via the way in which â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† leverages better technology to create a more dramatic cinema effect that more reasonably captures the zeitgeist of the film noir era, the way in which â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† illustrates the genre through better representation of the American experience is represented. Lastly, the way in which â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† paints a better nuanced and three-dimensional example of the male charact ers and the identity of what Americanism is and how good vs. evil must be understood. Before delving into an analysis of the comparisons and contrasts between these two films, it must be noted that both of these films have achieved a great deal of notoriety; both within their own times as well as the present era. Film critics and scholars alike have denoted that these two films are representative of some of the very best plot lines, writing, directing, acting, and techniques that the film noir era had to provide. As such, with regards to the films in question, both of these represent to the viewer a flawed lead character. With regards to â€Å"The Thin Man†, the main character is a hard-drinking detective that suffers from career burnout and whose personal life is something of a disaster. Even though the same motif is represented within â€Å"The Maltese Falcon†, the character growth and differentiation is not as labored and comes off as a much more natural explanation as compared to â€Å"The Thin Man†. By casting the lead detectives in this way, both of the films are able to provide a much more nuanced interpretation of life and the way in which these characters portray their roles; however, only â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† is able to do this in a fully convincing manner and one that is the most indicative of the film noir era. Another shared aspect between these two films is with respect to the way in which the detectives fulfill the role of the simple/every man against a system of crime and intrigue that includes money, power, and politics. By representing the flawed character in a fight against such crime and corruption in such a way, Hollywood began to tacitly define the way in which American films would come to be known by the rest of the world for many decades to come; films where the good ultimately triumphs and the evil is ultimately vanquished. The similarity between good and evil and how it is represented/portrayed within these films is something that cannot and should not be dismissed. Ultimately, the reason for why such a high level of focus is placed upon the importance of defeating evil and undermining the plans that these individuals might have with regards to the crimes they intended to commit was integrally tied to the social and political aspects of the world in which these respective films were created.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research - Essay Example The question has been studied by people such as Carl Rogers, Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. These men put together theoretical models that were intended to demonstrate how our personalities might develop within the often conflicting and always interacting elements of our internal and external structure. Among these models, though, Carl Jung developed a relatively uncomplicated approach on which many of the personality theories today have been based. Originally building his research off of the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who was his mentor for a while, Jung proposed that the personality was comprised of the interaction among four essential factors that related to the way in which a person gathers information and then how that person processes the information gathered. â€Å"Carl Jungs psychological theory fundamentally underpins most of the popular and highly regarded personality systems today† (Chapman, 2010), but it has not gone untouched. Following in his footsteps as well as they could, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed his ideas further to create a strong personality test that types people into one of 16 possible personalities (Carroll, 2009). The test found at 41 Questions did not provide the kind of four letter results I expected after doing research on personality theory and personality testing, but I was surprised at the accuracy of the results. What Jung discovered in his research was that people basically have two functions in their lives. First, they have to take in information from around them through their five senses – hearing, sight, taste, touch and smell. Next, they have to make decisions about these things and what they mean. After he identified these functions, Jung then determined that there are two ways in which we might approach each of these functions. While taking in information, we rely to varying degrees on

Biotechnology: Applications and Arguments For and Against

Biotechnology: Applications and Arguments For and Against The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture is rising, but not without debate. There are many scientists who argue that genetic engineering in agriculture is the best way to solve many issues of poverty, food security, environmental harm, and the need for increasing competitiveness in sales, but others raise ethical issues regarding the health of the people who consume the genetically modified products, the possible harm to the environment, the depredation of the welfare of the farmers and their food security, and the general introduction of engineering into mainstream use in society. 1.2 Definition of Genetically Modified Organisms Genetically Modified Organisms, commonly called GMOs, refer to organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, a method used to recombine the DNA of different organisms. 1.3 Sequence of Discussion I begin the paper with an introduction to the issues of using biotechnology and generating GMOs in agriculture. I continue with arguments both for and against the use of biotechnology in agriculture. I conclude the paper with information about the current debate on this issue and resources to obtain more information. 2.0 Prelude to the Issues The use of genetically modified organisms to enhance the production, yield, and quality of agriculture is under much discussion. Biotechnology companies are actively investigating the research and development of new technologies to improve food security and augment production of goods in both the developed and developing worlds, while activist groups work to ensure that biotechnology is not used in food production at all for fears of damage to the environment and human health, among other issues. On the other hand, according to Dr. Miguel Altieri, a leading spokesperson in the field, the view that GMOs can enhance food security in the developing world rests on two assumptions: that hunger is due to a gap between food production and human population density or growth rate and that genetic engineering is the best or only way to increase agricultural production and so meet future food needs.1 While it is clear that there are benefits to using biotechnology to improve crop production, th ere are also many fundamental and ethical arguments against its use, as is illustrated shortly. 3.0 The Argument for Biotechnology 3.1 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Poverty Reduction Several objectives of using biotechnology in agriculture are associated with the reduction of poverty. Introducing GMOs into agriculture is predicted to increase rural incomes, sustain production in resource-poor areas, and provide more nutritious foods. Supporters of the use of biotechnology in food production believe that developed nations with technology have a social and political obligation to assist these poorer nations. In India, Vietnam, and Kenya, diseased vegetable crops and trees can benefit from genetically produced bio-pesticides. The cardamom crops in India, potato crops in Vietnam, and banana crops in Kenya are often farmers sole source of income, such that diseased crops can have an extremely damaging affect on the farmers lives. Problems with a lack of clean and pure seeds and planting material can be solved by using bio-pesticides, which allow for leniency in the purity of the seeds and planting material. In this way, GMOs can potentially provide a means for high-resistance and high-yielding crops.2 Biotechnology can also contribute to sustaining the production of foods, commonly cereals and maize, in resource-poor areas. Drought, pests, and acidic soil often cause detrimental problems to farming, but insect resistance and aluminum tolerance can circumvent these environmental barriers. The ability to provide a full farming season through using GMOs to assist in the production of larger quantities of food for these farmers helps to ensure a profitable growing and harvesting season.2 Finally, GMOs can contribute to generating more nutritious foods with higher nutrient content-this technology most commonly being applied to rice. The people in countries such as India and China rely heavily on rice in their diets, but rice alone does not provide the necessary nutrients for a balanced diet. 3.2 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Financial Security for Farmers Farmers can make great use of transgenic techniques in their agriculture with the goals of both ensuring food security and increasing the competitiveness of their crops. Biotech companies and supporters of the use of GMOs believe that there exists a political obligation to assist in the security and well-being of farmers who supply goods to more developed countries. Food Security The biotechnology objectives in agriculture that are associated with issues of food security include meeting the demand predictions for staple foods, increasing livestock numbers, and increasing vegetable and fruit yields. Two major constraints that farmers encounter with regard to meeting the demand predictions for staple foods, which must be grown in large quantities, include the presence of pests and the consequential infectious diseases, and problems associated with biotic stress. Pests and disease are often a problem in rice crops in China, and the addition of genetically modified rice varieties with pesticides can assist in the prevention of diseases in these crops. In addition, GMOs are valuable for avoiding abiotic stresses, such as salinity and drought. In India, China, and Thailand, hydration and salinity tolerance in cereals, considered to be staple foods, assist in the security of high yields of these food crops to meet the demand.1 In India, biotechnology can help to avoid the major problem associated with the keeping of livestock, i.e., the probability of diseased animals, including cattle, pigs, and sheep. In addition, embryo technology can sidestep issues of productivity in dairy cattle. Both of these uses for GMOs lead to an increase in both livestock number and productivity.2 Biotechnology is also useful for securing a stable food supply by increasing vegetable and fruit production. Pests and diseases infect these crops, often completely depleting their production. Examples of crops are tomato and potato crops in Vietnam, as well as papaya crops, which can become infected with the ringspot virus.2 3.2.2 Increasing Competitiveness The use of biotechnology in agriculture can also assist farmers competitiveness on the global market, specifically by sustaining productivity exports, regulating food safety and quality control, and adding value to exports. Biotechnology is useful in sustaining exports by increasing the yield of crops, such as coconut crops in the Philippines, banana crops in countries such as India, China, and Vietnam, and potatoes, rice, maize, wheat, cassava, and beans in other developing countries.2 In addition, GMOs can contribute to food safety and quality control with respect to food exports by controlling pesticide residues and ensuring the competitive quality of exports.2 Improved quality can include characteristics such as texture, taste, appearance, and nutritional value, and the ability to delay the ripening of fruits and vegetables can greatly approve the longevity of some produce. Specific improvements for producers are an increased flexibility during production, harvesting, storage, distribution, and transport stages, leading to a reduction of overall production costs and a greater guarantee of quality product at the time of selling.3 3.3 Applications of Biotechnology to the Goal of Environmental Protection The introduction of technology into the environment can be hazardous and brings up ethical issues associated with protecting the environment through the use of technology (also see section 4.2). However, many supporters of GMOs claim that biotechnology in agriculture can enhance protection of the environment, specifically by reducing pesticide use and enabling the efficient use of water. Pesticide misuse on cotton and rice crops in China and on vegetables in Malaysia is a common problem when farmers are misinformed of use of pesticides, or when pesticides are overused in attempt to deter crop failure due to pests. Transgenic crops can potentially reduce the need for and usage of pesticides by assisting pest extermination and preventing weed growth. GMOs such as Bacillis thuringiensis (Bt), a natural soil bacterium, can be used to kill insects by allowing the plants to produce their own toxin against pests, sidestepping the problem of farmers who are mis- and overusing pesticides. In addition, herbicide tolerant crops ideally require fewer herbicide applications, because the crop is genetically programmed to more efficiently utilize the particular chemical product.4 Finally, transgenic herbicides can be applied to pre-treat the land, so that weeds are altogether prevented, and farmers can weight the options and costs of using more chemicals versus dealing with weed gr owth during harvest.3 4.0 The Argument Against Biotechnology 4.1 Uncertainty of the Safety of Humans After Consumption Although there is a lot of anticipation and excitement about the beneficial effects that can potentially result from the use of biotechnology in agriculture, there is also a lot that is unknown about the uses of transgenics and their impending consequences. Specifically, examples of these issues include the lack of available public information and knowledge about the content and effects of GM foods, the possible inactivation of many nutrients present in naturally-grown foods, and the introduction of allergens through the use of GMOs. These are all social, ethical, and legal issues based on the morality of tampering with foods in a way that will have an unknown effect on human health. As just stated, one major issue regarding the allowance of the free use of GMOs in agriculture is associated with the unknown potential health effects of consuming chemically treated foods. Consumers assume that the foods they buy are safe, even though many contain compounds that are potentially toxic or allergenic. The general public has a large misunderstanding about genetically modified (GM) foods because companies do not boldly advertise their use of transgenic components in their products. For this reason, people often consume GM foods without even knowing it. In addition, while many biotechnology companies advertise the use of transgenics in agriculture as beneficial to human health by improving the nutritional content of food, genetic engineering also has the potential to remove or deactivate many nutritional substances present in naturally-grown foods: Recent research shows that GE [(genetically engineered)] herbicide resistant soybean have lower levels (12-14 percent) of isoflavones, [which are] key phytoestrogens . . . that occur naturally in soybeans and may protect women from severe forms of cancer.1 These genetic modifications boost the activity of a gene that makes critical amino acids, but the resulting shift in amino acid levels shifts the metabolism of the plant to alter the levels of the aforementioned phytoestrogens. This effect is clearly seen in GM soybeans, even when the chemical residue data is within the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tolerance limits.4 Finally, the use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wide Finally, the use of GMOs in agriculture brings to question the compromise of human safety because of wide reports of increased allergenicity after consumption of GM foods. For example, a protein was expressed in a crop used for animal feed in order to increase the content of the amino acid methionine. This protein was subsequently shown to be an allergen, as are a number of related [proteins of this type] from other species.5 Another example of the use of biotechnology introducing an allergen into a food product is the use of a Bt protein in GM maize, which also shows the general features of allergenic proteins.6 These are simply two examples of how the application of biotechnology can introduce allergens into crops. Since research is still just beginning on many GMOs, the allergenic effects of the use of biotechnology in agriculture remains unclear and under investigation. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a bacterium or microorganism to withstand the use of an antibiotic because of its ability to synthesize a protein that neutralizes the antibiotic.7 While it is thought that the use of genetically engineered pesticides and herbicides on crops might only have the effect of reducing pests and weeds, it can actually have an opposing effect as well. The generation of superbugs and superweeds, pests and weeds resistant to the GM pesticides and herbicides, respectively, can result. Not only can the crops that are sprayed acquire these characteristics, but hybrid crops can arise when crops cross. This can cause resistance in crops that were not previously sprayed with GMOs, and can also cause multi-tolerant crops when two crops that are sprayed with different chemicals cross. The result of this second cross is a crop that is resistant to multiple herbicides (i.e., superweeds) or pesticides (i.e., superbugs), which are even more difficult to control. In addition, this resistance can give these weeds and bugs a selective advantage over the naturally-tolerant weeds and bugs, allowing them to propagate efficiently.5 5.0 Conclusions While there are many points both in favor and against the use of GMOs in agriculture, some people believe that the question simply comes down to whether or not it is ethical to engineer in agriculture, which has always been managed by farmers themselves in conjunction with local biological cycles and ecological balances. Activists against the use of technology worry about future generations, and how the use of biotechnology in agriculture now will affect food production in years to come. They raise concerns that regulations are too loose and poorly enforced, and the eventual effects of the use of GMOs remain unknown. In addition, important issues revolve around whether or not it is ethical for well-fed people of developed nations to regulate access to agricultural technology in developing nations. According to Dr. Altieri, because the true root cause of hunger is inequality, any method of boosting food production that deepens inequality will fail to reduce hunger. Conversely, only te chnologies that have positive effects on the distribution of wealth, income, and assets, that are pro-poor, can truly reduce hunger.1 Therefore, questions regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture should better address the needs of poorer nations. Many people are still under-informed about potential benefits and negative effects of using GMOs in agriculture, and are therefore not ready to form an opinion on the issue. For this reason, there are many forums on the internet and published books to help interested people learn more. In addition, several documentaries present these issues, an example being The Future of Food, a documentary by Deborah Koons.9 The issues regarding the use of biotechnology in agriculture are important and affect everyone, and should not be overlooked. People in favor of the use of biotechnology in agriculture argue that it is unethical not to help poorer nations when more developed nations have the technology to do so. On the other hand, activists against the use of GMOs in agriculture maintain that more harm than good comes from the introduction of GMs into food production. How does Culture Affect Parenting Styles? How does Culture Affect Parenting Styles? A family is a set of intimate social relationships that adults create to share resources so as to ensure the welfare of themselves and their dependents (Robert and Lie 77); a family is also a unit that gradually molds a persons personality. How you behave and what you become in life are very much dependent on your family life (Importance). To this extent, families play crucial role for people in their lifetime, let alone for children whose social interaction begins at first between family members. Researchers have demonstrated time and time again that the environment in which children are raised significantly affects their intellectual, physical, social, and emotional development (Important). They further emphasize that those impacts on their childhood will probably be carried on even after they grow up and experience a lot of changes. For decades, researchers have also been interested in how parents influence their childrens development, and one approach in this area is the study of what has been termed as parenting style (Darling and Steinberg 493). This paper is a review of research studies on parenting styles within the ethnical (cultural) contexts. The idea of examining this field of study is partially derived from Chapter 2 (Culture), Chapter 7 (Race and Ethnicity) and Chapter 9 (Family) in the book named Sociology: The Points of the Compass, written by Robert Brym and John Lie. The whole paper is divided into several sections. First, it starts with the illustration of ethnical (cultural) aspects that differentiate families. It is then followed by the classification of parenting. The paper then focus on the influence of culture on parenting styles and finally provides a conclusion as a whole. Families Are Different Family define themselves as a family. Membership in a family can be decided only by each member of that family (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). Families differ from one another in many ways; ethnicity and culture are two crucial differences greatly impact on a familys beliefs, practices, and values (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 1). Ethnicity Ethnicity is a shared concept and culture heritage by groups of people whose commonality are transmitted from their ancestors generation by generation (Couchenour and Chrisman 22). The identity of these ethnic groups is uniquely marked based on the combination of race, religion, traditions, and ancestors (Robert and Lie 302). They differ from others in terms of languages, foods, stories, customs, values, and other aspects. Families carry on their ethnicities through their own family traditions, celebrations, religions, stories, and entertainments (McGoldrick, Giordano and Garcia-Preto 14). The importance of ethnicity on each family varies (Couchenour and Chrisman 23). Culture Culture is the unique experiences of ethnic groups using languages, symbols, beliefs, values, ideologies, and material objects to deal with real-life problems (Robert and Lie 40). It acts to shape familys values, thoughts, reactions and socialization goals (Bigner 8). Therefore, the styles of communication between parents and children can be quite different among various cultures, which means what is considered to be an acceptable way of interaction in one culture could be very offensive in another cultural context. When parents are exposed to a dominant given culture with high frequency, they are affected by the norms and values of that culture (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Consequently, those culturally affected norms and values could easily serve as the guidelines for parents to interact with their children. In this sense, understanding the cultural context of the society can potentially help to predict differences parenting styles that predominate in that society and to understan d why these differences occur (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Trawick-Smith states, Only through a full understanding of parental beliefs, socialization practices, and family relationships, can the individual needs of individual children be well met (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 25). The Classification of Parenting Styles The principal role of parenting involves the promotion of nurturing, balanced relationships or, contrastingly, the exacerbation of stress-prone, hostile exchanges between parents and children (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Darling and Steinberg emphasize that parenting style is a constellation of attitudes towards the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which the parents behaviors are expressed (493). Baumrind has investigated parenting styles in a series of studies and found three primary categories of parenting styles identified as authoritative, authoritarian and permissive (Reeves), which later on are conceptually expanded by with two linear constructs: responsiveness and demandingness (qtd. in Sonnek 8). Authoritative Parenting Referring to those studies conducted by Baumrind, authoritative parents are conscientious, consistent, warm secure in their ability to parent and unconditionally committed to their children (Reeves). On one hand, they state behavioral expectations to children; on the other hand, they respect their childrens opinions and independence; while setting high but realistic goals for their children, they also provide the necessary supports for them to achieve these goals. The authoritative parenting was found most effective in fostering social responsibility, sense of self-esteem, confidence and adaptability in their children to meet challenges of academic and other contexts where strong beliefs in ones abilities are required (Couchenour and Chrisman 94). Some researchers have examined the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment, and confirmed that authoritative parenting style is positively associated with healthy adjustment and reducing maladjustment than other styles of parenting (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parents provide firm and high control over their children and require them to be very responsive to their demands; they are very punitive and affectively cold; they set firm goals to their children but allow little verbal exchange; compared with two other parenting styles, authoritarian parents are less likely to use gentle methods of persuasion (Reeves). To this extent, children have poor communication skills, and social incompetence; they are easily to become anxious while being compared with others. Studies on the relationship between parenting style and childrens adjustment have found that children of authoritarian parents tend to have low self-esteem and lack spontaneity (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Permissive Parenting Characteristics of permissive parents are identified as warm, high nurturance, responsive but low in parental control and demand few maturity behaviors (Reeves). Permissive parents would like to allow their children to control their activities as their willingness. They expect little of children, and place few demands on them. This parenting style tends to be unsuccessful in enabling children to develop a range of self-directing abilities that underlie academic success (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Researches later on split the permissive parenting style into a fourth category- indulgent and neglecting parenting, which most fits with its definition (qtd. in Sonnek 8). Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles In the nineteenth century, parenting experiences varied considerably by gender, age, social class, and culture, just as they do today (Baker 94). Individuals may consider parenthood as fulfilling a moral obligation (Bigner 9). Vygotsky indicates that human knowledge is rooted in culture (qtd. in Couchenour and Chrisman 8), which means what much of what children know derives from their families, such as, how to celebrate holidays; how to prepare, cook and eat foods; and how to behave properly in the public places. On many occasions, childrens behaviors of are mostly based on their parents expectations and demands. The values and ideals of a culture are transmitted to the next generation through child-rearing practices (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Therefore, children in different cultural contexts can be cultivated by their parents to behave differently; in this sense, it is necessary to take into consideration the importance of culture when evaluating parenting behaviors. Cultural models of individualism and collectivism can bring direct as well as indirect impacts on parenting behaviors (Keshavarz and Baharudin 68). Its direct influence on parenting behavior could be explained by passing on values of a culture to their children to become productive and integrated members of their culture (qtd. in Keshavarz and Baharudin 68); its indirect influences on parenting behavior are via more societal forces such as language patterns and customs, and economic structure indirectly (Health Canada 8). To this extent, parents can relate their parenting with those direct and indirect cultural effects. Individualism and collectivism refers to the manner in which people perceive themselves in relation to other members in the society (Brislin 23). Literally, individualism indicates independence. It includes the wide-spread and growing belief that people have the right to choose their own martial partners, to be happy in marriage, and to find new partners if their relationships turn out to be unsatisfactory (Baker 24). In contrast, collectivism implies interdependence. It includes the mutual emotions and beliefs shared by people as a result of living together (Robert and Lie 371). Robert and Lie further explain that collective actions include routine actions and non-routine ones, which take place when people act simultaneously in accordance with or opposition to external changes, such as social, political, economic, etc; their difference is that the former ones are typically nonviolent and follow established patterns of behavior in existing social structures, whereas the latter ones o ccur when usual conventions cease to guide social action and people transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional pat ­terns and structures (371). In this sense, different family relationships, family interactions, self-concept, and academic achievement can be assumed via collectivism and individualism (Newman 51). Therefore, the arrangement of childrens activities differs from parents to parents with differing childrearing goals and cultural meaning systems (Keshavarz and Baharudin 67). Collectivism can be fully reflected by most Asian countries. Parents emphasize desirable traits such as interdependence, duty, sacrifice, compromise, conformity, highly involvement in one anothers lives, however, it does not mean a complete ignorance of individuals well-being or interest; it actually means that maintaining the familys well-being is ultimately the best guarantee for the individuals well-being (Newman 51). To this extent, authoritarian parenting may be more appropriate in those collectivistic societies compared with other parenting styles (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). High levels of economic hardship have been greatly linked with authoritarian parenting and even neglecting parenting -a split of permissive parenting (qtd. in Sonnek 16). In sharp contrast, cultures like Western Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia tend to value individual freedom, autonomy, personal development, and gratification over group obligation and duty (Newman 52); Newman emphasizes that childhood is sometimes regarded as the preparation for leaving home as the sign of independence, even those people who experience unwillingness and sadness at the thought of breaking these ties accept that it is a necessary step towards growing up (52). Therefore, it could be concluded that it is much more appropriate to examine parenting styles and their meanings in the cultural context (Bigner 9). In the conceptualization, culture is theorized to afford different meaning to behaviors (e.g., parenting) and has different effects on children and adolescents across different cultures (Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For instance, in China, where I was born and brought up, proper and mild physical punishments are sometimes used by parents for controlling their children; they are considered as part of the authoritarian parenting; however, this parenting style is greatly opposed by many other cultures, and regarded unacceptable. Researchers mention that children will accept parenting behaviors which are consistent with cultural values (qtd.Keshavarz and Baharudin 69). For example, Chinese kids (including me when I was young) view spanking, which could be one of the physical punishment, as their parents concerns and affections on them in the Chinese culture. Conclusion Chapter 9 of Sociology: The Points of the Compass concludes that Parenting styles and behaviors perform a crucial role in the growth of children. Ethnicity, described in Chapter 7, is a socially constructed label which has profound consequences for peoples lives, and differentiates people by perceived physical or cultural differences (Robert and Lie 198); these cultural or ethnical differences can lead to different parental forms and behaviors in different social context; in other words, the ways that family members interact with each other are affected by the culture of the society, therefore, just as what has been examined in Chapter 2, what counts as good for raising children in one culture can be regarded as negative in another culture; to this extent, cultural and ethnical factors should be counted in order to better understand and examine parenting styles in different societies. Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: Symptoms and Causes Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome: Symptoms and Causes Cri-Du-Chat Syndrome Introduction Cri-du-chat is an autosomal syndrome that is caused by a large or small deletion from a portion of the short arm of chromosome. This syndrome is also known as the 5p deletion syndrome where the P describes the short hand chromosome and Lejeunes syndrome. It is also called cat cry syndrome which is a French translation of Cri-du-chat, because of its similarity to the high pitched cat cry like sound a new born child makes. This sound is supposed to disappear a few weeks after birth and may or may not persists in to adulthood. In 1958 Dr. Jerome Lejeune discovered down syndrome. He discovered that the chromosomal link to down syndrome. This discovery was ground breaking for discoveries in genetics because it was the first time that an intellectual disability and a chromosomal defect were linked together and this earned him multiple prestigious awards. Up on continuing his research on chromosomal liked disorders, he also discovered that down syndrome was caused by an extra chromosome on pare 21 and he also noticed a deletion on the 5th chromosome which is the cause for Cri-du-chat syndrome. (1) Symptoms and OMIM Number Cri- du- chat The relationship of chromosomal alteration and genetic disease was observed that the main clinical feature was the high pitched cry and hindered mental capacity (Mainardi, 2006). The OMIM number for this syndrome is # 123450. The number sign is used to indicate that it is a well described partial aneusomy. Syndrome causes many phenotypical changes which depend on the size of the deletion. Some or all of the symptoms might be present in a patient. It has also been found that the deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT; 187270) well as evidence that deletion of the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT; 187270) is present which is also responsible for some of the phenotypical changes. (2) Besides the high pitched cry, Cri-du-chat is characterized by failure to thrive, broad nasal bridge, round moon shaped face with hypertelorism, Anisocoria, undersized jaw and heads , depleted motor senses hypertonia, small carpals, low birth weight and incomplete intestinal r otation in infants. There are some less distinctive symptoms such as separation of rectus and abdomen, cardiac abnormalities including atrial and ventricular septum defects, primary immunodeficiency, an epicanthal fold which covers the inner corned of the eye and inguinal hernia. (Chromosome 5, 2017).) Once the infant is born there is a low mortality rate until adulthood where most of the symptoms observed as a child continue on with addition of misalignment of teeth, skeletal problems, eye defects and in some cases neurological malformation, Syndactyly, undescended testis in male patients, and skin tags on the ear occur. (Mainardi, 2006,) Clinical causes of symptoms The syndrome is caused by a deletion of the short arm, which is also denoted by P, of chromosome 5. Chromosome 5 contains more than 900 genes that code for specific proteins such as interleukins, protocadherins and complement proteins. The function of these proteins range from regulation of immune system, nervous system controls and muscle formation and strength. The deletion of Some Sections of chromosome 5 such as 5p15.3, specifically at markers D5S731 and D5S760, are directly associated with the cat like cry and speech delay. Another region called 5p15.2, specifically CTNND2, is related to lower intellectual ability, and dysmorphism of head size and facial features. The severity of mental and motor capacities can depend up on the size of the chromosomal deletion (Chromosome 5, 2017). Although the affected family members apparently shared deletions of the same size, the variation in mental symptoms within this family suggested that other factors besides the size and location of 5p deletions may modify the mental presentation of patients with cri-du-chat syndromeThey suggested that a cranial developmental field, originating from the notochordal location, is involved in the manifestations of criduchat syndromehowever, the characteristic cat-like cry without the typical dysmorphic and severe developmental features of the syndrome has been found in individuals with a deletion confined to 5p15.3The cranial base angle was in most cases reduced and in no cases increased compared to age-related standards for normal individuals. Malformations in the bony contours of the sella turcica and the clivus occurred in cri-du-chat patients with terminal deletions. Frequency The frequency of the disease is 1:15000 to 1: 50000 of new born infants. Cri-du-chat makes up 1% of profoundly retarded patients who have IQ levels that are less than 30. Since it is a genetic deletion it doesnt have a preference as far as race nut it has a slight female dominance ratio of 4:3. This syndrome doesnt have a latency, the symptoms are present starting from birth and continue to show the symptoms in to adulthood. In most cases it has been seen that the symptoms become more severe in to adulthood. (Harvard et al., 2005, pp. 341-51). Inheritance pattern Cru de chat is not an inherited syndrome. It is a random deletion that occurs during meiosis and can occur without the parents being affected. However close to 10% of the affected individuals can inherit a chromosomal abnormality from unaffected parents. This abnormality is caused by chromosomal rearrangement called Balanced Translocation where the genetic material is still intact and doesnt cause any health problems. However when this trait is passed down from one or two parents it has a high chance of becoming and Unbalanced Translocation which can cause a genetic material to be added or deleted. In the case of cri du chat the short arm of chromosome 5 experiences a large or a small portion deletion which causes the syndrome. In some cases the catlike cry can be present without the physical abnormalities. This is more evident in the deletion at a specific location in the chromosome 5p15.3. Malformation in the cranial base was reduced and compared to a standard individual it doesnt show a major difference. However malformations in the contours the skull such as in Sella Turcica occur in patients that have terminal deletions. In one of the studies conducted with in the same family showed different symptoms and levels of mental retardation even though they shared the same size deletion. This suggests that not only the size but the location of deletion affects the severity of the syndrome (2) References Cerruti Mainardi, P. (2006). Cri du Chat syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 1, 33.  http://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-1-33 Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National Library of  Medicine. U.S department of health human services website: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/5 Chromosome 5. (2017, January 24). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from U.S National Library of  Medicine. U.S department of health human services website: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cri-du-chat-syndrome#genes Harvard, C., Malenfant, P., Koochek, M., Creighton, S., Mickelson, E., Holden, J. Rajcan-Separovic, E.  (2005). A variant Cri du Chat phenotype and autism spectrum disorder in a subject with de novo cryptic microdeletions involving 5p15.2 and 3p24.3-25 detected using whole genomic array CGH. Clinical Genetics, 67(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1399-0004.2005.00406.x https://lejeuneusa.org/genetic-intellectual-disabilities/cri-du-chat-syndrome#.WJpP-n_Rs8c (1) http://www.omim.org/entry/123450?search=cri%20du%20chathighlight=du%20cri%20chat (2)

Career Competence Factors Worksheet Essay

he essential skills and abilities associated with students’ personal learning styles are many of the capabilities hiring managers look for when reviewing applications. University of Phoenix learning goals represent another set of core competencies that can help you become recognized as an exceptional candidate or employee. Part A Complete the Personality Spectrum on pp. 66–67 in Ch. 3 of Keys to Success. Based on the results, respond to the following: What is your primary strength? Organizer How does this strength make you a strong candidate or employee? This strength makes me a strong candidates/employment, based on my ability to make decisions, participation on special projects, my flexibility to transition between tasks and learn new duties, my ability to learn new skills, working well with others in a team environment, promote the ideas to teammates in the best interests of the employer, have excellence communication skills to convey messages to others through verbal and written communication, includes ability to listen and relate to others, dependable and responsible, shows up to work everyday on time, and responsible for completing tasks, my leadership skills to promote to others to motivate them to work at their highest level to reach the goals of employer. What is one area of improvement? ADVENTURER How can you improve in this area to become a stronger candidate or employee? Need to improve on having a strong ego and not be hesitant using it to my advantage, need to enjoy challenges instead of just working them out, come up with new projects to motivate others to maximized there potentials. Part B Read the University of Phoenix Material: University of Phoenix Learning Goals, included in the materials for this assignment. Fill in the following matrix with summaries of how each university learning goal can help you with career preparedness. Do not copy the language used in the materials; instead, please explain these goals in your own words. University Learning Goal How can each goal prepare you for success in the workplace? Professional Competence and Values Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Communication Information Utilization Collaboration

Why, according to Lee Kuan Yew, are Western democratic systems unsuited to East Asia?

Lee Kuan Yew, prime minister of Singapore between 1959 and 1990, and now Senior Minister of his country, commands much respect and influence in both the East and the West. This respect and influence reaches to the highest echelons of world leaders, to the vast multitude of academics, commentators and development strategists, and to the millions of people who live in East Asia. Regardless of whether or not this esteem is justified and deserved, ti is real, and therefore must be analysed, interpreted, criticised or praised while not forgetting the importance and effect his beliefs and proclamations have had, and will have. Any discussion of world politics, especially in East Asia, cannot ignore the hows, whys and wherefores of the current situation and the influence that current ideas and thought may have on the future. Lee's views have undoubtedly shaped his own country, certainly have influenced other governments in the region, and will definitely bear their markon the short- to mid-term future of East Asian politics. This explains the reasons why this essay solely deals with him. The essay is divided into three main sections. Firstly, I will discuss Lee's ideas and policies, and why he believes in an ‘Asian values' view of the politics of the region. Secondly, I will explore some of the responses that have been made in opposition to his views, and thirdly, I will present some observations and conclusions of my own. These observations will draw on some other problems and inconsistencies with Lee's ideas. Let us turn then to the man and his ideas. The central theme running through any study or discussion of his political ideas and actions is the importance that culture has on shaping the society and its structures. The shared history, traditions, make-up, worldview and social relationships are the key factors that determine how a state should be organised and governed. Thus, if the culture is different between two sets of peoples, then the resulting state structure and government type will also be different. Culture is the driver, the basis of society and the legitimacy used by those in power to decree what is best for their people. This viewpoint is often referred to as the ‘Asian values' system (Ng, 1997, Theodore de Bary, 1999, Hague & Harrop, 2001) and is summed up succinctly by the title of a famous interview with Lee which appeared in a 1994 edition of Foreign Affairs – ‘Culture is Destiny' (Zakiria, 1994). The importance that Lee places on the cultural aspect of a society does not mean that what is right for his country is also right for other countries. Whilst consistently dismissing Western-, and in particular, US-style democratic systems as valid models for Singapore, he does not suggest that the US-style system is neccessarily wrong for the US. It is not my business to tell people what's wrong with their system. It is my business to tell people not to foist their system indiscrimately on societies in which it will not work (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 110). This can be seen as a statement recognising the particularity of political systems depending on the society / culture in question. Whilst Lee has been described as being authoritarian, semi-, or soft-authoritarian, he certainly doesn't make claims for the world to be based on an Asian values system. It appears that his position is more concerned about keeping hold of power in Singapore rather than exporting it around the world. The main, fundamental as Lee calls it, cultural reason why Western democratic systems are unsuited to East Asia is the difference between the place and status of the individual in those societies. The fundamental difference between Western concepts of society and government and East Asian concepts†¦ is that Eastern societies believe that the individual exists in the context of his family. He is not pristine and separate. The family is part of the extended family, and the friends and the wider society. The ruler or government does not try to provide for a person what the family best provides (Zakiria quoting Lee, 1994, p. 113). This focus on the moral and virtuous notion of society is stongly linked to Confucianism, so often portrayed as being fundamentally East Asian and always compared with Western systems. Lee's manifestation of this doctrine is used by him to legitimate and promote an East Asian society based on strong hierarchical structures to bring about social and political stability. In the East the main object is to have a well-ordered society so that everybody can have maximum enjoyment of his freedoms. This freedom can only exist in an ordered state and not in a natural state of contention and anarchy (Zakiria quoting Le, 1994, p. 111). These three main features of Lee's take on East Asia's political and social climate – culture, the place in society of the individual, and a well-ordered society – are admittedly affected and influenced by the West over time, and are not seen as developing without the impact of colonial rule and imperialism. †¦ ur Confucianism has been attenuated by 120 years of British rule and education in British and other English-speaking universities (IHT, 2001). But, despite this impact Lee steadfastly denies any further infusion of Western democracy into East Asia, especially Singapore. †¦ this doesn't mean we are going to be like a Western society. The values are different (de Borch, 2001). Lee is not the torch-h older for everyone though. Whilst he receives praise from his counterparts around the world, there are many in the academic and development strategist world that strongly disagree with him. Of course, it is not just a simple case of disagreeing over a matter of opinion, there are many valid and strong arguments against Lee's ideas. From this myriad of arguments, I have identified three main strands of contestation – historical arguments against Lee's ‘Asian values', the theoretical arguments concerning discussions of what democracy should be and how it should be followed in East Asia, and the problems and criticisms of the actually existing governing style of Lee. First then, arguments against Lee taken from history. There are two key aspects to this – the relevance of Confucianism to East Asia today, and evidence of a democratic tradition throughout East Asia's past. Famously, Max Weber theorised about the particular contribution to advanced capitalism of the ‘Protestant ethic'. This, in turn, explained how other cultures, including Confucian cultures, were not suited to advanced capitalism. Clearly this can now be questionned, especially if, as many commentators have said, that East Asia is economically dynamic. If Confucianism explains the economic boom in East Asia today, does it not also explain that region's stagnation for four centuries? Zakiria, 1994, p. 125). Kin Dae Jung, writing in response to the ‘Culture is Destiny' interview, identifies a strong tradition and history of democratic ideals and institutions in East Asia's past. This suggests that an argument could be made for ‘Asian values' actually referring to a much more democratic system than the Confucian-based one that Lee propagates. A thorough anaylsis makes it clear that Asia has a rich heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Asia has already made great strides toward democratisation and possesses the necessary conditions to develop democracy even beyond the level of the West (Jung, 1994, p. 91). The second major criticism of Lee comes from studies of the theoretical nature of democracy and what it means, shuold mean, or can mean to East Asia. The basic premise is that why should democracy only be relevant to particular cultures and why should particular cultures have to follow other political paths? This highlights the argument for democracy's universality. There is nothing special about torturing the Asian way†¦ human rights are human rights (Vatikiotis cited by Hague & Harrop, 2001, p. 29). The rejection of Western-style democracy by East Asian leaders is also seen by some as merely an excuse for not moving beyond ‘soft-authoritarianism' and into democracy. This is strongly tied up with the observation that this is simply the most effective way for leaders such as Lee to rule their countries. The biggest obstacle is not its cultural heritage but the resistance of authoritarian rulers and their apologists (Jung, 1994, p. 194). The third area of opposition to Lee's ideas that can be identified is that of problems with the actually exisitng state and society structures and institutions. For some, just observing Lee's form of rule is enough to reject his notions of what is the correct way to govern. These doubts stem chiefly from the Singapore government's undeniably harsh treatment of the opposition, as evidenced in its most recent elections (Ng, 1997, p. 21) Also, there appears to be two threats to the whole ‘Asian values' theory. Firstly, we have on the one hand Lee purporting to leave the individual's private matters to the individual, whilst on the other it can be observed that his government is actually intruding into the private sphere more than ever (Jung, 1994, p. 90). Secondly, an external threat is apparent from the global spread of modernisation. †¦ as an inevitable consequence of industrialisation, the family-centred East Asian societies are also rapidly moving toward self-centred individualism. Nothing in human history is permanent (Jun, 1994, p. 21). In conclusion it must be said that Lee's position in East Asia, and his reverance amongst Western opinion-formers should not distract us from dissecting and criticising his ideas. It is not good enough to assume that cultural traits should determine, worse still, justify the actions of governments, particularly Lee's. There should be certain aspects to a government and society that are unacceptable no matter what setting. Lee makes much of the need for a ‘well-ordered' society. The heavy-handed way this society is brought about blatantly contradicts Lee's notions of freedom. He talks of East Asians being able to have â€Å"maximum enjoyment of his freedoms† but Lee's notion of what is behaving and what is misbehaving sets a Singaporean's realm of freedom for him. This is certainly not the freedom that John Stuart Mill wrote about. It could be argued that it is better to have a society that is not so ‘well-ordered' but democratic, than it is to live in a society such as one that Lee envisages; faith must be placed with society to check its members' activities rather than have all aspects of life limited by an all-seeing government. Lee's ways may also only be suited to a small state such as Singapore. Even he admits that, within that small population, total control is practically impossible. This for me leads to the heart of the importance placed by Lee on ‘Asian values' and why Western ideas of democracy are unsuited to East Asia. It is very hard to escape the conclusion that the justification of ‘Asian values' is solely a political smokescreen to maintain power. It is even harder to escape this conclusion when the man himself proclaims: So when Americans tell me: you ought to govern in this way, I say thank you very much, I have listened to you very carefully, if I don't think we are ready for that, I have to do it my way (IHT, 2001, my emphasis).

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